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The Dark Report - Laboratory Pathology Management Intelligence Briefing, July 28, 2008: http://www.darkreport.com/dark/07_28_2008.htm
1 IU of vitamin D is defined as the activity produced by 0.025 ug of cholecalciferol in bioassays with rats.
International Standard for vitamin D. 1950 WHO Technical Report Series. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Blank S, Scanlon KS, Sinks TH, Lett S, Falk H 1995 An Outbreak of Hypervitaminosis D Associated with the Overfortification of Milk from a Home-Delivery Dairy American Journal of Public Health, 85 (5), 656 - 659.
Holick MF 2006 Resurrection of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets J Clin Investigation 116, 2062 - 2072.
Koutkia P, Chen TC, Holick MF 2001 Vitamin D Intoxication Associated With an Over-the-Counter Supplement NEJM 345, 66-7.
JR Carlson Laboratories (2000IU and 5000IU), Biotics Research Corporation (400IU and 2000IU), Pure Encapsulations (1000IU and 5000IU), Nature's Health Supply (5000IU), Nature Made (400IU, 800IU and 1000IU), Solgar Vitamin and Herb (400IU and 1000IU) and General Nutrition Centers (700IU and 2000IU).
Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD 2001 Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D(3) Intake Exceeding the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level Am J Clin Nutr 73, 288-294.
Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, Reitz R, Salameh W, Ameri A, Tannenbaum AD 2008 Vitamin D2 Is as Effective as Vitamin D3 in Maintaining Circulating Concentration of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 677 - 681.
The Daily Adequate Intake (AI) levels [200 IU (5ug) for all individuals (males, females, pregnant / lactating women) under 50 years old, 400 IU (10ug) for all individuals between 50 and 70 years of age and 600 IU for individuals over 70 years old] which were established earlier and still championed in 1999 by the US Food and Nutrition Board11, were most recently re-sanctioned in 2008 by the US Institute of Medicine and are currently adhered to by institutions as representative and influential as the Mayo Clinic12.
Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine 1999 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Vitamin D @ Mayo Clinic-Natural Standard® Patient Monograph, Copyright © 2008 (www.naturalstandard.com).
Vitamin D's autocrine function's are expansive: vitamin D metabolism extends well beyond its classical endocrine functions provided by the liver [25(OH)-hydroxylase] and the kidney 25(OH)-hydroxylase]. Numerous tissues (brain, adrenal, pancreas, colon,?[1 lymph nodes, prostate, breast, lung and skin) throughout the body have their 25(OH)-hydroxylase, and upon acquisition from the serum, can?own active 1 transport 25OHD and generate active 1,25(OH)2D hormone by way of vitamin D receptors expressed on cytosolic and nuclear membranes alike.
Heaney RP 2003 Long-Latency Deficiency Disease: Insights from Calcium and Vitamin D Am J Clin Nutr 78, 912 - 919.
A pubmed search on '25(OH)D' in November of 2008 returned over 7500 articles.
www.Vitamindcouncil.org
Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Willett W, Zasloff M, Hathcock JN, White JH, Tanumihardjo SA, Larson-Meyer E, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Lamberg-Allardt CJ, Lappe JM, Norman AW, Zittermann A, Whiting SJ, Grant WB, Hollis BW, Giovannucci EG 2008 Cod Liver Oil, Vitamin A Toxicity, Frequent Respiratory Infections, and the Vitamin D Deficiency Epidemic Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 117(11), 864 - 870.
Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ 2003 Human Serum 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Response to Extended Oral Dosing with Cholecalciferol Am J Clin Nutr 77, 204 - 210.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL 2004 Vitamin D Requirements During Lactation: High-Dose Maternal Supplementation as Therapy to Prevent Hypovitaminosis D for Both the Mother and the Nursing Infant Am J Clin Nutr 80 (6 Suppl), 1752S- 1758S.
Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R 2005 Estimates of Optimal Vitamin D Status Osteoporosis Int 16, 713 - 716.
Vieth R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Boucher BJ, Cawson-Hughes B, Garland CF, Heaney RP, Hollick MF, Hollis BW, Lamberg-Allardt C, McGrath JJ, Norman AW, Scragg R, Whiting SJ, Willet WC, Zittermann A 2007 The Urgent Need to Recommend An Intake of Vitamin D that is Effective Am J Clin Nutr 85, 649-650.
Cannell JJ, Hollis BW 2008 Use of Vitamin D in Clinical Practice Alternative Medicine Revies 13(1), 6 - 20.
Vieth R 2007 Vitamin D Toxicity, Policy, and Science Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 22 Suppl 2, V64 - V68.
Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R 2007 Risk Assessment for Vitamin D Am J Clin Nutr 85, 6-18.
Kuller, LH 1999 Circular Epidemiology Am J Epidemiology 150, 897 - 903.
Hollis BW 2008 Assessment of Vitamin D Status and Definition of a Normal Circulating Range of 25-HydroxyVitamin D Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 15, 1-6.
Vasquez A, Manso G, Cannell J 2004 The Clinical Importance of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol): A Paradigm Shift With Implications for all Healthcare Providers Alternative Therapies 10(5), 28-36.
Copyright GrassrootsHealth, 07/26/08 www.grassrootshealth.org
Hollis25 notes that papers (N, type) from the NHANES III, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (21, RIA); the NIH sponsored WHI, Women's Health Initiative (2, LIAISON); the Harvard based HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-UP Study and the NHS, Nurses' Health Study (20, RIA & LIAISON) all used DiaSorin 25(OH)D assays.
www.zrtlab.com / Health Care Professionals / Vitamin D Testing in Blood Spot / Accuracy in Testing Vitamin D ~ http://76.12.104.180/pdfs/ AccuracyTestingVitaminD.pdf.
Carter G, Gunter E, Jones G, Makin H, Sufi S, Wheeler M 2008 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D DEQAS : July 2008 Distribution Endocrine / Oncology Laboratory, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF.
Vogeser M, Kyriatsoulis A, Huber E, Kobold U 2004 Candidate Reference Method for the Quantification of Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrophotometry Clin Chem 50, 1415 - 1417.
Carter G, Gunter E, Jones G, Makin H, Sufi S, Wheeler M 2007 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D DEQAS : July 2007 Distribution Endocrine / Oncology Laboratory, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF.
Singh RJ, Taylor RL, Reddy S, Grebe SK 2006 C-3 Epimers Can Account for a Significant Proportion of Total Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Infants, Complicating Accurate Measurement and Interpretation of Vitamin D Status J Clin Endocrinology & Metabolism 91(8), 3055 - 3061.
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